Thermodynamics and the Cooking of a Turkey

Turkeys are native to North America, called Indian fowls in some writings of the 1500s. Around 1519, ships began transporting turkeys back to Spain, thus beginning its migration to Europe. American Benjamin Franklin advocated the turkey as the national bird. The turkey became prominent in Europe in the 1800s during the holiday season, replacing the goose as the most popular Christmas bird in the latter part of the century. In 1851, Queen Victoria had a turkey in place of her standard Christmas swan. The Make-Up of a Turkey At the biochemical level, a turkey is a combination of approximately 3 parts water to one part fat and one part protein. The majority of meat comes from muscle fibers in the turkey, which are mostly proteins—notably myosin and actin. Because turkeys rarely fly but rather walk, they contain far more fat in their legs than in their breast, which results in the strong differences in texture between these sections of the bird and the difficulty in making sure that all portions of the bird are properly heated. The Science of Cooking a Turkey As you cook the turkey, muscle fibers contract until they begin to break up at around 180 F. Bonds within the molecules begin to break down, causing proteins to unravel, and the dense muscle meat to become more tender. Collagen in the bird breaks down into softer gelatin molecules as it unwinds. The dryness of a turkey is a result of muscle proteins coagulating within the meat, which can result if it is cooked too long. Temperature Differentials Part of the problem, as described above, is that the different nature of the light and dark meat in a turkey result in different rates to reach the coagulation of the muscle proteins. If you cook it too long, the breast meat has coagulated; if you dont cook the bird long enough, the dark meat is still tough and chewy. Harold McGee, a food science writer, indicates aiming for 155 to 160 F in the breast (which concurs with the overall temperature indicated by Roger Highfield), but you want 180 degrees or above in the leg (a distinction Highfield does not address). Heating Differentials Since you ultimately want the breast and legs to be different temperatures, the question is how to successfully accomplish this. McGree presents one option, by using ice packs to keep the breast of the bird about 20 degrees lower than the legs while thawing, so that the legs get a heat start on the cooking process when theyre put in the oven. Alton Brown, of Food Networks Good Eats, once presented another way to establish different heating rates, using aluminum foil to reflect heat away from the breast, thus resulting in the legs heating faster than the breast. His current roast turkey recipe on the Food Network website does not include this step, but if you watch the related videos, it shows the steps involved in using the aluminum foil. Cooking Thermodynamics Based on thermodynamics, it is possible to make some estimations of cooking time for a turkey. Considering the following estimations, it becomes fairly straightforward: Assume the oven maintains a constant temperature throughout.Assume the thermal diffusivity is independent of temperature and time.Assume the turkey is so plump that it can be estimated as a sphere. You can then apply the principles of Carlaw Jaegers 1947 Conduction of Heat in Solids to come up with an estimate for the cooking time. The radius of the hypothetical spherical turkey falls out, resulting in a formula based solely on mass. Traditional Cooking Times Small bird - twenty minutes per pound 20 minutesLarge bird - fifteen minutes per pound 15 minutes It would appear that these traditional cooking times work well in conjunction with the thermodynamic calculations provided, which give the time as being proportional to the mass to the power of two-thirds. Panofsky Turkey Constant Pief Panofsky, former SLAC Director, derived an equation to attempt to more precisely determine the cooking time of a turkey. His problem is that he disliked the traditional suggestion of 30 minutes per pound, because the time a turkey should be cooked is not a linear equation. He used t to represent the cooking time in hours and W as the weight of the stuffed turkey in pounds and determined the following equation for the amount of time the turkey should be cooked at 325 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the report, the constant value of 1.5 was determined empirically. Heres the equation: t W (2/3)/1.5 Particle Accelerators Create Shrink Wrap The plastic shrink wrap that turkeys (specifically Butterball turkeys) come in may also have an amazing connection to particle physics. According to Symmetry magazine, some of these forms of shrink wrap are actually created by a particle accelerator. Particle accelerators use electron beams to knock hydrogen atoms off of the polymer chains within the polyethylene plastic, making it chemically active in just the right way so that when the heat is applied it shrinks around the turkey.

The Controversy of the Manipulation of Advertising Essay

The Controversy of the Manipulation of Advertising Is advertising manipulative; can it be controlling, or is it fueling the demand of the American economy? The exhaustive battle of what advertising is and what it’s not is never-ending and both ends of the spectrum can only battle with statistics, words, and opinions on the fact of the matter. Many arguments have arisen since the establishment of the advertising industry and everyone sheds their own light on the subject. In â€Å"Beauty and the Beast of Advertising,† Jean Kilbourne argues that the advertising industry portrayal of women is narrow-minded and produces emotional and psychological problems within women in regards with their roles in society, their physical appearance, and†¦show more content†¦According to Kilbourne advertising creates artificiality in the sense that â€Å"beauty comes from without†(238). She supports her argument by stating, â€Å"more than one million dollars is spent every hour on cosmetics†(238). She said woman are conditioned to fit this false ideal and are going as far as altering body parts to reach the unreachable norm. She further supports her argument by stating more facts, stats, and surveys. Kilbourne complains that women are â€Å"dismembered in commercials, separated into body parts in need of change or improvement†(239). She reiterates that it is to reach this level of beauty and is not viable to maintain. Kilbourne’s last point is that advertising influences sexual attitudes. She points out that â€Å"advertising’s approach to sex is pornographic: it reduces people to objects and de-emphasizes human contact and individuality†(239). She argues that the commercial women today are portrayed as independent hardworking women that can do it all. On the contrary she notes this is an illusion that reduces complex sociopolitical problems to mundane personal ones†(239). 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Sylvia Plath Poet and Writer free essay sample

This paper takes a look at the poet and writer, Sylvia Plath. The author argues that Sylvias style of writing was deeply influenced by the events in her life, including the death of her father, her deep depression, her attempts at suicide, and her loss of a loved one. With many quotes from critics. Sylvia Plath was a brilliant poet and writer. She wrote several books of poems but did not become famous until after her death. The events that occurred in her life deeply affected what and whom she wrote about. Her fathers death, mounted by her deep depression, and attempted suicide, all affected Sylvias life as well as her style of writing. Sylvia Plath was born October 27, 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts. She was the first child of Dr. Emil Otto Plath and Aurelia Schober Plath. Otto was a German who came to study ministry and Northwestern University, but wound up as a biology professor at Boston University, after attaining a Masters Degree in the arts from Washington University and a Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on Sylvia Plath: Poet and Writer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page D. in science from Harvard, who specialized in bees. Aurelia Schober Plath was a German and English teacher at Brookline High School, until she married Otto and became a homemaker (Alexander 20-30).

Instinctively, I hold my breath. The pungent fragr Essays

Instinctively, I hold my breath. The pungent fragrance of roasted coffee beans and the shrill sound of steam whistles from the espresso machines force my senses into overload. Before me are mounds of freshly-baked goodies and colossal stacks of books piled on bookshelves as high as the ceiling. Pressing my nose against the glass cover, I don't budge until the ginormous chocolate-chip cookie is within my possession. With one hand holding my cookie, I collect as many books as my chubby arms can hold and plop into my favorite blue armchair. I would look forward to this routine: every Saturday, when the big hand hit six, my parents would take me to Timothy's, their coffee shop, and I would begin the day's quest. To my childhood self, Timothy's was my bridge to Terabithia. In this world, I've been a resident of Dr. Seuss's topsy-turvy Thneedville; an acrobat, weaving words into webs with Charlotte; and a palace spy in Wonderland, fighting for my life in a game of flamingo croquet. Braving these adventures instilled in me a sense of invincibility that pushed me to tackle new experiences, even engaging in mischievous absurdities, both in this world and reality. Draping myself in jewelry constructed out of straws and cup sleeves, I would unabashedly strut all around the cafe. Expressions of this unwavering self-confidence and sense of invincibility were not solely limited to my sense of fashion, but rather, it was ingrained in every thought and action that I had. I believed that Timothy's should've been called Anna-Banana's, that the blue armchair was my throne, and that the deliveryman's dolly was my royal carriage. Ignorant to the laws of gravity, I once jumped off the dolly after reaching peak acceleration, wholeheartedly believing that I could fly. With a bruised ego and scraped knees, I learned a valuable lesson: invincibility is a mere delusion. I realized that Timothy's was never a world constructed solely for me, at least in the way I had imagined. There were no adoring crowds, and the blue armchair wasn't mine. While I had imagined glorious adventures, in reality, my family's livelihood depended on the success of this cafe. Moving to Canada without any support, my educated parents relinquished their professional aspirations to build a stable business to provide for me. Awareness of my parents' sacrifices for my success imbued my understanding of the interdependency of people, their successes, and their failures, providing me with a new lens to construct my understanding of the world. Shifting from being front and center to an observant spectator, I began to see beyond myself, picking up the art of people-watching. As if placing an invisibility cloak on, I would quietly sink into the blue armchair, discreetly watching peoples' behavior and interactions with one another. I found myself creating whimsical backstories of circumstance for each passerby, intertwining chance encounters and meaningful exchanges. People-watching not only helped me to become more aware of those around me, was also as an opportunity to explore undiscovered parts of myself. I learned that despite the many sports that I have experimented with, I am the MVP at bench-warming. I make a mean latte, often topping my creations with adorable foam cats. I adore Broadway musicals and am always ready to showcase my dancing at a flash mob. I passionately believe in advocating for human rights, actively engaging in Amnesty International's initiatives. And, I discovered that I am not only an advocate for but also identify with the LGBTQ+ community. To say that I have figured out all of who I am would be a lie. Unlike the world of fantasy, there is no single defining moment - no Excalibur, no Sorting Hat - that marks my complete evolution. My niche in the world constantly changes, but what remains steadfast is my commitment to a life of service and adventure, albeit it isn't as cozy as the blue armchair.

Gun Control misc11 essays

Gun Control misc11 essays Are you ready to die? Whats more, are you ready to kill? When you hold a gun anywhere but the firing range youd better be ready and able to use it or die. Dont get me wrong; just because you carry a gun doesnt mean people automatically start being violent towards you but if you get in a fight and someone realizes you have a gun its more than likely that they will pull one and shoot you if they have it. Most people think that a gun will make them invincible but the truth is: Every bullet is another life and every gun is another instrument of death. The more people that carry guns, the more people that die. On the flip side, if nobody but the military carries guns then the people the control the military have free reign over everyone. It is a nice thought to have absolutely nobody carry guns but unfortunately that goes strictly against the human nature that is create to destroy. It is a pessimistic view but unfortunately it has been repeated consistently enough to have backing. I wish there was an easy answer to it all but there isnt. I have come to the conclusion that everyone should be allowed to carry a gun, but everyone should have to go through a psychological evaluation before they can buy one in order to determine whether they are more of a danger to others and themselves with a gun or not. Another stage of getting a gun after that level is to be taught the full consequences of killing a person. It should be a much harder process to get a gun then it is, but after passing; the people should be given a license to carry firearms. ...

legalizing p.a.s essays

legalizing p.a.s essays Imagine you are in a permanent state of vegetation or that you have been diagnosed with an incurable disease that will inevitably lead to a painful death. No one would ever want to be in either of these situations. But what about those who already are? Must they continue to live an unpleasant and futile life? A large number of people would rather end their life than be stuck in that kind of situation. Those people would be contemplating what many know as physician-assisted suicide, or PAS. According to the American Geriatrics Society, PAS is when a physician provides either equipment or medication, or informs the patient of the most efficacious use of already available means, for the purpose of assisting the patient to end his or her own life,(AGS). Some common forms of PAS include, but are not limited to, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments and administering lethal doses of medication to induce death. Unfortunately, some arguments concerning how ethical i t is have caused people to overlook the benefits of the act, and view PAS in a more negative light. I have had a heightened curiosity about PAS ever since I watched a close friend of my family experience a slow agonizing death the last year of his life. He had to wait several months for a court date to determine whether or not his physician could practice PAS. He was taken away from us before the court date arrived. The question of ethics goes hand in hand with physician-assisted suicide. According to the American Medical Association (AMA) physician-assisted suicide is unethical on the grounds that actively ending a patients life is fundamentally incompatible with the physicians role as healer,(PCRM). Instead of aiding the suicide, the AMA feels that physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of the patients at end of life. However, the AMA also believes that if a competent patient or the famil...

Criminology Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminology Theory - Essay Example It helps in explaining that if the child will be constantly in contact with the parents who are practicing anti-social behaviors such as drug abuse and domestic violent, the likelihood of the child developing similar behaviors is quite high. The learning of deviant activities by children due to their contact with their environment is regarded as differential association and the theory was first proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland (Siegel 238). The theorist proposed that criminal behavior is developed by individuals because they learn those behaviors and learning occurs primarily through interaction of an individual with others such as peers as well as family members. The theory even helps in explaining why a change in the environment of the child is required as proposed by the social worker. The theory helps in explaining that if the child is brought up in a social environment where anti social behavior is not promoted, the child will negative perception towards anti-social behaviors and will not indulge in such behaviors.Implications Of Theory For Public Policy  The social learning theory provides enough insight regarding the shaping of policy that focuses on finding foster homes for children and that focuses on reducing crime and future criminals. The theory states that individuals learn criminal behavior and they continue to accept and even copy those behaviors as result of constant contact with a environment that promotes deviant behavior. If the findings of the social learning theory are true.